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DNA, proteins, polysaccharides, etc.). Cells require energy for this process. 2 Organisms are categorised based on their anabolism and according to the source used by cells to build-up molecules. Anabolism consists of three basic steps: the production of precursor molecules (e.g., nucleotides, monosaccharides, etc.),
Experiments performed with the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae not only led to the discovery of DNA as the principal hereditary molecule but also yielded early tools for genetic engineering. The study of RNA tumor viruses revealed reverse transcriptase , an enzyme integral in studying RNA biology.
For example, cloning DNA molecules and inserting them into cells — a process required for basically all experiments in molecular biology — takes up to a week of work. But looking ahead to the second bottleneck, what does it mean to say that biology is “complex”? Even the humble E.
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