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Pre-made viruses have become increasingly accessible and are useful for saving time and avoiding potentially costly set-ups. However, there are many cases where the specific viral particles you need are not available, or the cost of custom viruses are too high for your budget. In those cases, you’ll need to produce your viruses in-house.
Viruses have become a regular part of basic biological research as well as clinical therapy. These biological tools are useful because they ’ re derived from viruses that can infect people, cells, and animals. Some of these viruses are completely inert, but others can cause diseases. Nervous about handling viruses? That ’ s okay!
Here we will discuss the four most commonly used lab viruses: gamma-retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated virus. There are a lot of viruses out there – most of which we would all like to steer clear of!
Viruses are simple – a genome packaged in a protein shell (Taylor, 2014). They’re so simple that we can’t even decide if they’re alive or not. Yet these simple, small particles have quite the outsized impact – and not just on the disease front.
In this blog we will review how these indicators work, their general applications, and why viruses are essential to their use as biological tools. Cellular activities like action potentials, muscle contractions, and the control of voltage gated ion channels all depend on transmitting and sensing electrical potential.
In this blog we will review the basics of biosensors and how to use viruses to set up these systems. Or maybe it’s a biosensor?! You can do more than just ‘sense’ biological compounds and reactions; you can quantify them with biosensors!
Although the novel coronavirus is the subject of nearly every media story right now, several years ago it was the Zika virus (ZIKV) gathering a great deal of attention. Here, we describe the novel use of high content imaging solutions (HCS) in a study to identify possible Zika virus inhibitors that could be translated into therapeutic form.
The virus, which can cause a severe form of pneumonia and lead to acute respiratory distress, currently has no FDA-approved targeted therapeutic or vaccine. For this reason, researchers around the globe are scrambling to understand this novel virus and figure out its potentially targetable vulnerabilities.
The blood-brain-barrier (BBB) exists to prevent substances in the blood, like proteins and viruses, from crossing into the brain. While helpful from a biological standpoint, it makes delivering AAVs to the brain difficult.
Once ~400 cases had amassed in places around the world, hypotheses began to develop that this illness was caused by either SARS-CoV-2, Adenovirus type 41 (AdV-41), or Adenovirus-Associated Virus type 2 (AAV2) – or some unprecedented combination of the three (Servellita et al.,
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are an important biological tool that allow scientists to express a gene of interest in a cell or animal model. AAV plasmids contain several important elements, but among the most important are the inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). ITRs are the elements that make an AAV plasmid an AAV plasmid.
So, if you’ve ever wondered what goes into ‘making virus’ or what gag and pol stand for, we demystify all components of viral vectors here! For safety and production reasons, multiple plasmids with many components are used to package lab grown viruses. It can be intimidating at first to look at so many plasmid maps and protocols!
In this blog, we look at immunoassays over the years, provide some examples of current and emerging applications, discuss some tips for optimization, and look at some of the benefits of the different ELISA options available to researchers.
As editor of Addgene’s eBooks — including the recently released Viral Vectors 101 2 nd edition — I was incredibly excited when we picked our viral vector service as one of those stories.
While it is tempting to just dive right in and start injecting your virus, a successful AAV experiment starts with validation and optimization. Using AAV vectors in complex biological systems can be tricky at best, and downright infuriating at worst.
What do a viral vector production facility, food allergy testing lab, and the grad student down the hall from you have in common? All of them rely on standard curves in their day-to-day work.
The virus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, home of a premiere research institute that focuses on viruses. An altered virus could have escaped. Evidence that the virus emerged, or escaped, from the wildlife trade is lacking. Her points: 1. Coincidence? I’ve never thought so. RaTG13 shares about 96.1%
Air filtration units were widely used during large wildfire outbreaks in the western United States,[1] and their use surged nationwide during the COVID-19 pandemic as a way to reduce exposure to aerosols containing the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
On the surface, they hadn't deviated much from the early 2020s: a virus infected a cell and released the genetic therapy hidden within. Dozens of diverse chemical markers and de novo , evolutionary distinct proteins littered the virus' surface, indicating a previously unseen biological logic.
In October last year, remdesivir was the first drug approved by the FDA for treating the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Remdesivir was originally developed to treat hepatitis C and was subsequently investigated for Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus infections before being studied as a post-infection treatment for COVID-19.
Unfortunately, the road towards treatment can be time-consuming, especially when utilizing assays with live virus. Additionally, procuring the live virus for an evaluation assay is very difficult and labor intensive. Such high safety measures, although essential, can extend the timing of the development of a vaccine.
From this data, scientists have begun to try to classify different subtypes and create phylogenetic trees of the virus to understand how the viral genome is evolving as it spreads across the globe. The question as to whether these genome variations lead to different strains of the novel virus (i.e. Why and how do viruses evolve?
The complex relationship between a virus and its host is one of the hottest topics in science right now, and has been given considerable attention in recent weeks as a result of the race to understand the virus that causes COVID-19 and its potential vulnerabilities.
Avian influenza A viruses are classified into the following two categories: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus strains are extremely infectious, often fatal to chickens, and can spread rapidly from flock-to-flock. Avian influenza (bird flu) is caused by infection with avian influenza (flu) Type A viruses.
Going into the third year of the pandemic, we know that the virus still impacts industry operations. Together, top vaccine development companies can join efforts, being transparent with one another to finally stop the spread of the virus around the world.
1 heavy chain (1-456) (human vh (homo sapiens ighv1-69*01(ighd)-ighj4*01 (90.1%)) (8.8.19) (1-126) -homo sapiens ighg1*03 Immunoglobulin g1, anti-(human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein)(human monoclonal med18897.gamma.1-chain), 2] [3] Nirsevimab is designed to bind to the fusion protein on the surface of the RSV virus. [4]
The time sensitivity of virus research, combined with an increasing complexity of bench tasks, can make it helpful for labs to increase automaticity of experiments. For this reason, it might be necessary for research teams to screen many potential leads before they find one or two with strong potential. Sources Zhang et al.
Fast-forward to today, and thousands of scientists have turned their attention to studying SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. This research pivot led to a torrent of scientific papers describing the structure and biology of the virus being published. μl of ATPlite-substrate per well. 2021;102(4).
Yet they are the source for many of the viruses that have spilled over into humans with devastating effect, including rabies, Ebola virus, Nipah and Hendra viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and, likely, SARS-CoV-2. Despite carrying all of these viruses, bats rarely show symptoms of being sick.
This blog describes why hazard communications are necessary and what an effective SOP should include. Depending on the genetic modifications of the oncolytic virus, exposure may result in an infection or disease with symptoms mimicking those from an infection by the native parent virus. Why Do You Need an SOP About IP Hazards?
Because SARS-CoV-2 is so highly infectious, basic researchers without access to specially designed biosafety facilities may be limited in their ability to study the virus. While the quantum dots may bind and enter human cells just like the virus, they can’t cause an infection. But these harmless quantum dots offer a safe workaround.
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a single stranded, Parvoviridae DNA virus, packaged in a non-enveloped icosahedral capsid, that can be used to express genes of interest in cell and animal models. This post was contributed by guest blogger Didem Goz Ayturk with edits and updates from Addgenies Karen Guerin and Susanna Stroik.
The post Hey…Walkaway on the Automated Side first appeared on PerkinElmer Blog. Countless hours and valuable resources are often spent on physically preparing and loading plates into readers-that time could be spent analyzing data or researching a novel, potentially breakthrough target.
In this blog, we summarize the growth, risks, and regulatory requirements for gene therapy research. Viral infection involves the transfer of the virus’ genetic material to host cells, making viruses ideal tools for gene transfer—once the genes responsible for viral replication and disease are removed.
A major one is: just how well do those particular antibodies neutralize the virus to fight off the infection and help someone recover from COVID-19? In the Nussenzweig lab, the team has spent years searching for broadly neutralizing antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV ). Yet many critical questions remain.
However, management of the virus continues to bewilder the world’s finest researchers and clinicians… and our traditional standards of pharmaceutical regulation have necessitated adaptation. The post Pharma’s Adaptive Agility and COVID-19 first appeared on PerkinElmer Blog.
It is particularly prevalent on cells that line the air sacs in lungs, hence the rampaging respiratory effects we’ve come to associate with the virus. The post Repurpose, Reuse, Rediscover Drugs for COVID-19 Treatments first appeared on PerkinElmer Blog. It influences blood flow and is involved in many organs.
For gene therapy vectors, this testing encompasses production cell lines, master and working cell banks (MCB, WCB), and virus banks. Depending on the gene therapy vector, microbial systems may be employed to produce vector DNA (such as in adeno associated virus (AAV)), in which case there may be bacterial cell banks and plasmid banks.
To learn more about our experience with the eSTAR for 510(k)s, check out our previous blogs ( here , here ). Note, however, that there is a virus scanning and technical screening process that will still happen. Make sure you submit your application using the most up-to-date version of eSTAR, as FDA frequently updates eSTAR templates.
1951476-79-1 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an infectious disease that targets the liver resulting in either an acute infection, with symptoms arising in 45 to 160 days, or a chronic infection, which 350 million people worldwide are affected by. EIDD-2173; also known as ATI-2173 Fosclevudine alafenamide Phase 2 Molecular Weight 529.45
The ACE2 drug candidate, which is soluble and degrades in the body, also proved ineffective in neutralizing the virus. In the lab, it also appeared to neutralize the virus as well as monoclonal antibodies used to treat COVID-19. In fact, the decoy bound just as well, if not better, to new variants compared to the original virus.
There are three primary vectors employed in gene therapy: adeno-associated virus (AAV), adenovirus, or lentivirus vectors. Image Blog-Thumbnail_The-Altascientist-issue-36.jpg Some therapies are considered both cell and gene therapies, as they alter genes in specific types of cells.
At the same time, it is understandably important to be able to measure and characterize a treatment’s effect over time. However, with this most recent approval, FDA did not leave the question of durability as something to be answered postapproval, which signals to us that this issue looms large in FDA’s preapproval regulation of gene therapies.
The SARS-CoV-2 virus encodes its own protease to help process a large virally-encoded polyprotein into smaller segments that it needs for its life cycle; a protease inhibitor drug can stop that from happening. The virus uses this enzyme to snip some longer viral proteins into shorter segments for use in replication.
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